Endometriosis is a medical condition where the endometrium that line the inside of your
uterus spreads to the pelvic organs. Endometrial tissue found on fallopian tubes or ovaries often causes
some scarring, adhesions, and blockages that can interfere with fertility
Endometriosis affects about 10% of women of childbearing
age (about one and half million women in the UK) and endometriosis is found in one-third of women with fertility issues.
Endometriosis seems to occur most commonly in women who are in their 30s and 40s. It also occurs more frequently in women who have never had children.
The main symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, but some women with
endometriosis have no symptoms. The pain and cramping
occurs usually just before and during the menstrual cycle.
The extent of the
pain is not always an indicator of the severity of the condition, some
women with slight pain may have a severe case of endometriosis while others
with more pain pain may actually have mild endometriosis. Endometriosis is
often diagnosed as part of an infertility investigation.
Wherever endometrial tissue is found within the pelvis, it basically still acts the same as that found within the uterus.
Endometrial tissue naturally responds to hormonal changes: during menstruation the tissue breaks down as the lining of the uterus does. This can cause pain, especially just before and during a period.
The breakdown of the endometrial tissue located in the pelvic cavity can cause scar tissue and adhesions, these may block the fallopian tubes so that an egg cannot pass from the ovary into the uterus.
Endo- metrial tissue can also grow within an ovary and cause a cyst, (often called a chocolate cyst); the affected ovary may not be able to ovulate and function normally.
With endometriosis toxic substances can be released by the endometrial tissue scattered about your pelvis, in such case, even if an egg is successfully released from the ovary and passes to the fallopian tube, these toxins will diminish the egg’s ability to fertilise.
Endometriosis can trigger a potent immune response: the endometrial tissue outside the uterus sends a signal to release destructive cells within the pelvis that can destroy eggs, sperm, or embryo.
The cause of endometriosisis still not known yet; there are several good theories: it is possible that menstrual cycle flow can go backward from the uterus, move upward and spill into the pelvis, causing inflammation; others suggest a more complex process involving antibodies and various changes at cellular and hormonal level.
Endometriosis appears to have a genetic component: women with a mother, sister, or daughter who have endometriosis are more likely to have it themselves.